Romania is a country in Europe (Eastern Europe) with a total population of 19,051,804 as of 2024. It covers an area of 238,391 km², resulting in a population density of 82.8 people per km².

The average life expectancy is 76.6 years (72.9 for men, 80.5 for women). The fertility rate stands at 1.71 children per woman, and the median age of the population is 41.7 years.

The country's population growth rate is -0.05% per year. Net migration is -28,466 people, indicating that more people are leaving the country than arriving. The infant mortality rate is 5.4 per 1,000 live births.

Demographic Profile

Romania is located in Eastern Europe, a part of Europe, and covers an area of 238,391 km². With a population of 19,051,804, the country has a population density of 82.8 inhabitants per square kilometer, which is above the global average of approximately 60 people per km².

The demographic structure of Romania reveals an aging population. The median age of 41.7 years means that half of the population is younger and half is older than this age. This aging population structure poses challenges for pension systems, healthcare provision, and the labor market, as the ratio of working-age to retired individuals continues to decline.

Health and Longevity

Life expectancy in Romania stands at 76.6 years overall — 72.9 years for men and 80.5 years for women. This places the country among those with high life expectancy globally, reflecting well-developed healthcare systems and living standards. The infant mortality rate is 5.4 per 1,000 live births, which is considered very low and indicates excellent maternal and infant healthcare.

Fertility and Population Growth

The total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.71 children per woman is below the replacement level of 2.1, which without immigration leads to population decline over time. The population is roughly stable at a rate of -0.05% per year. This decline is driven by low birth rates, emigration, or a combination of both factors.

Migration

Net migration in Romania is -28,466 people, meaning more people are leaving the country than arriving. Emigration may reflect economic challenges or conflict, and can lead to brain drain as skilled workers seek opportunities elsewhere.

Outlook

Based on current demographic trends, Romania's population dynamics reflect broader patterns seen across Eastern Europe. As the population ages, adapting social security systems and healthcare to serve a growing elderly population will be a key challenge.