Luxembourg is a country in Europe (Western Europe) with a total population of 677,012 as of 2024. It covers an area of 2,586 km², resulting in a population density of 258.9 people per km².

The average life expectancy is 83.4 years (81.7 for men, 85.1 for women). The fertility rate stands at 1.25 children per woman, and the median age of the population is 39.9 years.

The country's population growth rate is 1.58% per year. Net migration is 5,677 people, indicating that more people are moving into the country than leaving. The infant mortality rate is 2.0 per 1,000 live births.

Demographic Profile

Luxembourg is located in Western Europe, a part of Europe, and covers an area of 2,586 km². With a population of 677,012, the country has a population density of 258.9 inhabitants per square kilometer, which is above the global average of approximately 60 people per km².

The demographic structure of Luxembourg reveals an aging population. The median age of 39.9 years means that half of the population is younger and half is older than this age. This aging population structure poses challenges for pension systems, healthcare provision, and the labor market, as the ratio of working-age to retired individuals continues to decline.

Health and Longevity

Life expectancy in Luxembourg stands at 83.4 years overall — 81.7 years for men and 85.1 years for women. This places the country among those with high life expectancy globally, reflecting well-developed healthcare systems and living standards. The infant mortality rate is 2.0 per 1,000 live births, which is considered very low and indicates excellent maternal and infant healthcare.

Fertility and Population Growth

The total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.25 children per woman is below the replacement level of 2.1, which without immigration leads to population decline over time. The population is growing at a rate of 1.58% per year. At this rate, the population could double within approximately 44 years if trends continue.

Migration

Net migration in Luxembourg is 5,677 people, meaning more people are moving into the country than leaving. The country serves as a destination for migrants, which helps offset low natural population growth and fills labor market needs.

Outlook

Based on current demographic trends, Luxembourg's population dynamics reflect broader patterns seen across Western Europe. As the population ages, adapting social security systems and healthcare to serve a growing elderly population will be a key challenge.